How Nocturnal Panic Attacks Interfere With Sleep

How Nocturnal Panic Attacks Interfere With Sleep Panic Disorder Symptoms Print How Nocturnal Panic Attacks Interfere With Sleep By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 04, 2018 Tetra Images / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions Panic attacks are often experienced as overwhelming feelings of fear and dread. These attacks are often characterized by uncomfortable physical sensations, disturbing thoughts, and difficult emotions. For example, when panic strikes, a person may start off suddenly feeling very nervous and anxious. Somatic sensations, such as sweating, heart palpitations, and chest pain may begin to take hold. Strong emotions combined with troublesome physical sensations may contribute to fears felt by the panic sufferer, such as a fear that the attack will lead to a loss of control over oneself.?? Even though panic attack symptoms typically reach a peak within 10 minutes before gradually subsiding, the effects of the attack can impact the person much longer. Many panic attack sufferers frequently describe their symptoms as an upsetting and even downright terrifying experience. Panic Attack Symptoms Panic attacks typically start off with feelings of fear, anxiety, and apprehension, accompanied by a combination of 4 or more of the following symptoms:  ?? Heart palpitations  or accelerated heart rateExcessive sweatingTrembling or  shakingShortness of breathFeeling of chokingChest painNausea  or abdominal painFeeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faintDerealization or depersonalizationFear of losing control or going crazyFear of dyingFeelings of numbness or tingling sensationsChills or hot flushes Panic attacks are most commonly associated with panic disorder but have also been known to occur along with other mental health disorders, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eating disorders, agoraphobia, and other specific phobias.?? Additionally, there are two different types of panic attacks: expected and unexpected. Expected panic attacks are those that are triggered by some type of cue or stimulus  in the environment. For example, a person with a fear of heights (acrophobia) may have a panic attack when in an airplane or when on a top floor of a tall building. A person with PTSD may have a panic attack when in an environment that reminds her of the past traumatic event.?? Unexpected panic attacks, on the other hand, or those that arise suddenly without any known cause or trigger. Since these attacks happen out-of-the-blue, they can be perceived of as extremely frightening. Unexpected panic attacks are those that frequently occur with panic disorder. These types of attacks can also arise while one is sleeping.?? Nocturnal Panic Attacks Panic attack symptoms typically take hold while one is awake, however, it is possible for panic attacks to strike while you are fast asleep. Known as nocturnal panic attacks, these attacks can potentially contribute to sleep disorders and leave you feeling tired throughout your day.?? All panic attacks can be perceived of as a frightening experience but can be even more  terrifying  if they startle you out of your sleep.  For example, you may wake up due to uncomfortable physical sensations, such as shaking, accelerated heart rate, and chest pain. You may feel confused as to whether you are dreaming or not, feeling a sense of distance from yourself and your sense of reality. Getting Help for Panic Attacks Whether you are experiencing panic attacks that interrupt your sleep or that occur during your waking hours, there is help available. Many choose to start the recovery process by scheduling  an appointment with their doctor or primary care physician. She can assist you by providing an accurate diagnosis, ruling out other mental health and medical conditions, and discussing your treatment options. Panic attacks are often treated with prescribed medication. Medications such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs may assist in lessening the frequency and intensity of nocturnal panic attacks.?? Many panic sufferers also chose to attend psychotherapy as a means to learn ways to effectively manage nocturnal panic attacks, reduce panic-induced anxiety, and develop better sleep hygiene. Additionally, self-help strategies may be employed as a way to get a better night’s rest and cope with nocturnal panic attacks. Consult your doctor if you believe you are suffering from nocturnal panic attacks. These symptoms can negatively impact your life, potentially disrupting your sleep cycle and causing grogginess throughout your day. Through help and dedicated effort to manage your symptoms, you may be able to better cope with nocturnal panic attacks. The Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Creating Opportunities For Students Proficiency ...

I understand the need to create opportunities for my students to show their proficiency in directing their own learning and have done so within my classroom environment. I am aware that as the Learning Manager this requires me to have a clear understanding of each student’s strengths, needs, and interests. This is needed in order to create a diverse and relevant classroom experience that revolves around the curriculum. Please see my examples of such opportunities below: EXAMPLE 1- During diagnostic testing of a particular year 8 class the reading and spelling levels of certain students were well below average. These results were amplified when it was obvious that the attendance within the class was sporadic and behaviour unruly. These combined, led to a poor attitude towards classroom participation and assessment tasks. The action displayed below was created after my EPL 3 placement when it became evident that the classroom needed consistent routine and positive reinforcement in order to encourage student participation. The required action manifested in the form of motivating student interest, learning and differentiation in the classroom. The Year 8 students needed a form of routine within the class and a point of interest which would be renewed systematically throughout the term. Thus, the rules and expectations chart was created in tandem with the students, in order for the students to take ownership of their behavior and attitudes within the classroom. InShow MoreRelatedSkills Needed to Be an Effective Manager8864 Words   |  36 PagesThe Problem and Its Background Introduction This chapter discussed the awareness of the students of Arellano University Jose Abad Santos Campus in regards to the skills needed to become an effective manager, it emphasizes the technical, human and conceptual skills that has more important to the managers to manage a certain department. Hospitality Industry is broad and diverse; organizations within it share some things in common. One is the need for staff members with a variety of knowledgeRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pageswill help you succeed in a specific academic discipline Demonstrating your communication skills Persuading readers you have the discipline to complete a dissertation after several years—often grueling years—of reading, writing papers, conducting research, and working as a teaching assistant Writing Your Statement of Purpose I. Audience and Institutions Several readers within a specific academic discipline or an even more specifically defined research group will read your statement of purposeRead MoreEffectiveness of Pccr Review Center19276 Words   |  78 Pages ATTY. RAMIL G. GABAO Dean of Criminology DEDICATION The researchers would like to dedicate this manuscript to all Bachelor of Science in Criminology Students, for them to use as their guide or reference for the next level of their study. To all the researchers’ parents, MS. MYRNA MONTEMAYOR,MRS. JULIETA TURDIL GARCIA, MS. MERLITA DURAN, MR. amp; MRS. ANGELINO ANDRADA AMORES, and MR. amp; MRS. GABINETERead More Industrial Psychology Essay8415 Words   |  34 PagesINTRODUCTION Industrial psychology is concerned with people at work. It is also called personnel psychology. A closely related field is known as organizational psychology. Traditionally, industrial psychologists have assessed differences among individual workers and have evaluated individual jobs. Organizational psychologists generally seek to understand how workers function in an organization, and how the organization functions in society. The distinctions between industrial psychology andRead More THE IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES65118 Words   |  261 PagesDurham E-Theses THE IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES LEE, SHIUAN,EN,CHRIS How to cite: THE IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at LEE, SHIUAN,EN,CHRIS (2009) Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/242/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personalRead MoreTraining and Development Project / Reserch Report16747 Words   |  67 Pagesperformance. â€Å" Thus Tamp;D improves employee’s capabilities in a way that will make him perform well in current job. The skills, abilities and attitudes obtained from Tamp;D make a better demand for the employee in the job market. In organizational environment there are service oriented organizations such as banks, hospitals, educational institutes and production oriented organizations such as garment factories, motor vehicle companies†¦ etc. Usually both kinds of these organizations are using same methodsRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesqualified candidates to choose from, admissions officers can be more selective, making admission to top schools even more challenging for applicants. The Harbus, the Harvard Business School weekly student newspaper, recognizes that applicants require up-to-date materials and inspiration to match the current environment. While this book includes the latest application essays, which are updated regularly by the ad... missions committee, it retains several essaysfrom the first edition of the book because ofRead MoreInternship Report on Ztbl20418 Words   |  82 Pagesthe completion of the masters and bachelors program to attain practical experience in different fields. Students are required to undergo an internship program of two months to fulfill the requirement for their degree completion. The selection of the fir m is based on the choice of the student. The institute requires an internship report based on the theoretical and practical learning of the student. The Internship is the bridge between academic qualification and professional career of fresh graduates†Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSoftware Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protectedRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . . . . . . . . 30 The Quantitative Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 The Systems Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 The Contingency Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 The Learning Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Library and Information Center Management: The Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Design By Robert Frost An Exam Essay - 940 Words

In the poem amp;#8220;Design; by Robert Frost, the classic use of the color white, meaning innocence and purity is turned around. Instead of giving this color to wholesome, pure objects he gives them to objects that are the reverse, which are death, darkness and unholy objects.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When I read the poem amp;#8220;Design; I got the feeling that the author did not feel the same as I do about the color white. The first line talks about a fat white spider. This line contradicts the reputation that spiders have. When I see a spider, fat or skinny, it is usually black. I hate spiders and I would not give them the label as innocent or pure because spiders live in a dirty environment. By†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Frost talks about the spider on a white heal-all holding up a dead white moth. A heal-all is a flower traditionally known for its healing capabilities, but in this poem it is acting as a boxing ring for the spider and the moth. The moth saw a white spider and figured he was of no harm to him. The spider used his innocent mask to deceive the moth and then the moth being gullible, was pounced on by the spider. The deceiving spider then held up the moth for the entire world to see. The moth is also commonly tho ught of a gross bug, but they are not harmful. The innocent little moth was tricked and it cost its life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I feel that there is a deeper meaning in Frostamp;#8217;s poem. I think he is telling us that any color can have any meaning. He refers to the spider as being amp;#8220;snow-dropped; which tells the readers that the spider is innocent. The innocence that this spider has is similar to the innocence of a toddler who smacks his younger sibling and runs away and immediately begins to do another activity. The toddler is trying to show that he or she was doing something else and was no way involved with the incident that took place. The toddler is not doing this because he has a guilty conscience but because he is trying to escape punishment. The idea behind the spider being white is that the reader is supposed to look at it and think that that spider couldnamp;#8217;t have killedShow MoreRelated20th Century Arts and Artist Paper1683 Words   |  7 Pageslasting impact on the arts, even to this day. In our reading Georges Mà ©lià ¨s was one of the most important pioneers of early cinema. I was interested in learning more about him and did some research. A successful magician and owner of the Theater Robert-Houdin in Paris, Mà ©lià ¨s attended the first screening of the Lumiere Cinematographe on December 28, 1895 (Larson, 2006). In February of the following year, Mà ©lià ¨s purchased a motion picture camera, and he began making his own films three months laterRead MoreHairdressing and Hair Stylists1459 Words   |  6 Pageswas seen on another person. In some ways, hair designers create and perfect new hairstyles. To become a hair designer takes years of training as well as hard work and determination; the never-ending knowledge of new hair design school that will prepare one for the state exam. The training begins with attending an accredited College (Brown 10). The processes of cutting, cleaning, coloring, styling, and arranging hair are known collectively as hairdressing (Brown 17). When the practice of hairdressingRead MoreLiterary Terms3784 Words   |  16 PagesLiterary Terms Packet The terms in this packet will be used throughout the semester in literature discussions and on exams. Please memorize and be able to use and identify all terms in papers and on exams. 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The War On Drugs A New Us National Security Doctrine

The enlargement of the concept of security has meant that other issues, additional to ones outlined by the traditional definition, are included in it’s conceptualization. This means that the concept of security has grown to include environmental, economic, and social issues of security which have a big effect on how security is understood in general. Within the domain of social issues, they can be further broken down to include things like the war on drugs, which as a social issue has had a unique effect on the security agenda of states. The modern war on drugs began in the 1970’s when Nixon declared it a nation wide problem and began to focus on both the supply and demand aspects of drug use. As a geo-political problem the war on drugs can be explained in two ways. The first way, as outlined in Waltraud Morales’s article The War on Drugs: a New US National Security Doctrine? explores how the United States uses the war on drugs as a front, but the reality of thei r ‘war‘ is to continue the sphere of influence in their national security doctrines that was present in the era of communism. According to Morales â€Å"anticommunism has functioned as an ideology and a secular region which has legitimized both legal and illegal, moral and immoral acts of foreign policy in the cause of national survival - the protection of democracy and the American way of life† (147), but since the anticommunism discourse has lost traction in recent years, especially since the end of the cold war,Show MoreRelatedThe Legacy of Ronald Reagan1004 Words   |  5 PagesIran-Contra Affair, which will forever be tied to his name in a negative regard. Within America, Reagan was able to improve society such as his success in curbing the use of illegal drugs. Ronald Reagan is often times cited as the best president the United States has ever had, due to his relentless attacks on communism and illegal drug use in America, even with his involvement in the I ran-Contra Affair. Ronald Reagan was tremendously successful in his pursuit to end communism around the world, and toRead MoreEssay on Freedom of the Press1133 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Adams, a radical used the colonial press to resist the Stamp Act and repeal it. He succeeded and soon after the Stamp Act was repealed. After the repeal Adams wrote in the press, â€Å"But YOUR Press has sounded the alarm. YOUR Press has spoken to us the words of truth. It has pointed to this people their danger and their remedy. It has set before them liberty and slavery†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com). This showed that Adams was proud of what he accomplished but also saw the power of theRead MoreComparing The 1971 White Paper On Defence And The 2008 Canada First Defence Strategy990 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest allies, the alliances Canada supported, and Canada’s security and defence priorities in the 1970s and under the Canada First Defence Strategy (CFDS). As this paper will demonstrat e, the key differences witnessed in the 1971 White Paper on Defence and in the 2008 Canada First Defence Strategy is in terms of the specificities of the foreign and defence policy presented, the perceived types of threats to national and international security, and the Canadian Forces’ capability to respond to such majorRead MorePresident Franklin Roosevelt And The United States1699 Words   |  7 PagesAdministration was criticized for armed intervention in Latin America. 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Did you know that there are actually two versions used by the federal and state government? The only difference is the punctuation. Congress passed, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free Sate, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed†. The States

Is There a Difference Between Terrorism and Fanaticism free essay sample

Sociologists in broad agreement claim that terrorism and fanaticism are ideologies whose postulates are manifested in the same way. To begin with, fanaticism and terrorism are commonly associated with violence. The signs of fanaticism under dictatorship of Fidel Castro in Cuba and Kim Dzong Il in North Korea led both countries to political withdrawal from the international life and caused the death of thousands of those who had opposed the communist governments. Fanatics are as a rule noted for their incorrigible political beliefs and cruelty on those who resist to submit to regime. Correspondingly, terrorist organisations are one of the greatest threat for innocent civilians as we repeatedly hear about bombings, car-traps and suicide bombers decimating non-combatants. Al Qaeda and other criminal groups claim that they have no intension of killing private citizens; however, the numbers show that the civilian population constitutes the large portion of victims. It is obvious that fanaticism and terrorism are very dangerous for the whole population and should be dealt with with the dose of caution and deliberation. We will write a custom essay sample on Is There a Difference Between Terrorism and Fanaticism? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly, terrorism and fanaticism flood the public with well thought out propaganda which is especially addressed to the youngest generations. Fanaticism is rooted in strong belief that something is superior to something else and this in particular affects young people. Adolescents with melleable minds are vulnerable to new ideas they unconsciously start to follow. It has become increasingly dangerous as fanatics use media to spread the area of their influence. The internet is just overflown with information about so-called preachers and thinkers who invite youngsters to join in the discussions concerning very important subjects. Similarly, terrorism adversely impacts young generations. Raising children in the atmosphere of brutality and mutual hatred cannot have positive effects in the future. Television, radio and internet are these media excessively used by terrorists to draw peoples attention. Broadcasts, video clips and anti-government slogans are only some of those elements which terrorism uses to engender its publicity. It is proved that both terrorism and fanaticism are using more and more advanced technologies to make their way to a potential recipient. Moreover, fanatiscism and terrorism revolves around religious issues. Fanaticism finds its outlet particularly in religion. It happens because more than half of the population inhabiting the globe declare the religious affiliation of one sort or another. Religious persecutions related to fanatical superiority of one religion over another have always been the subject of discussion and have provoked international repercussions. In comparison, religion no longer serves as a means of affinity with God but gives terrorists reason to justify atrocities they are commiting. The leaders of criminal groups, especially those comprising warriors of Islamic creed, claim that their fight is approved by God in whose name they are fighting. Nowadays being religious no longer means maintaining a relationship with God but using religion as a weapon against humanity. Taking everything into account, it appears that there is no difference between fanaticism and terrorism whatsoever. Both terms, although share number of similarities, unfortunately denote negative phenomena with which a modern man has to struggle.

Murder Research Paper free essay sample

The Uniform Crime Report is an annual report that is issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation that presents data on selected categories of crimes reported by the police. The police always substantiate the data that is presented or captured in the Uniform Crime Report. As such this is a measurable exertion of just about eighteen thousand urban areas, college, school, country, state , and government law authorization offices willfully announcing information on violations drew out into the open. On the violent crimes whose data is captured by the UCR, murder is the among the crimes as well as rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. In New York City, the division of Criminal Justice service is mandated by law with the responsibility to fill in the focal storehouse of wrongdoing and arrest data. This paper seeks to explore the data relating to murder in New York City from the Uniform Crime Report with the emphasis on national and state crime rates, offenders and characteristics, theory and geographical rates. We will write a custom essay sample on Murder Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Under the Uniform Crime Reporting Program, the violent crime murder is expressed as murder and nonnegligent manslaughter which is characterized as the headstrong or nonnegligent executing of one person by another. Grouping of the wrongdoing of murder is reliant on police examination and not through court assurance, restorative inspector, coroner, jury or some other legal body. This Offense classification does not entail the following situations: passing caused by carelessness, suicide, or mishap; reasonable manslaughters; and endeavors to murder or ambush to kill which are scored as exasperated attacks. Murder has been a concern in New York City for years. In an article in the field and stream magazine, E.B. Mann asserts that among the countrys ten largest cities, New York had the eighth lowest murder for every 100,000 residents in 1973(Mann 2006). This occurrence has changed over the years with new trends in the occurrence of murder in New York being realized.The rate of murder in the United States of America has not been consistent over the years with different occurrences from year to year. The historical statistics recorded from year to year show varying patterns in the occurrences of murder in the United states if America. For instance, approximately 14,827 people were murdered in the country. This statistic was a 1.1 percent increase from the murders that were recorded in 2011 but was a 9.9 and 10.3 percent decrease from the statistic in the years 2008 and 2003 respectively (Fernandez-Lanier, 2014). For every 100,000 people 4. 7 murders occurred. A comparison of the murder rate in 2012 and 2011 reveal 0.4 percent increase from 2011 to 2012. The number of murders recorded in the United States in the year 2017, was 17, 250 which was 8.6 percent increase from the approximation in 2015 and 16.1 percentage increase from the statistic in 2012 (Fernandez-Lanier, 2014). The murder rate in New York City decreased by 14. 9 percent from 2016 to 2017 as 101 murders were recorded in 2011 as compared to 86 in the year 2017. Notably, the rates of murder not only in New York City but the United States of America have been decreasing from year to year.Offender Characteristics can be deduced from the Uniform Crime Report expanded homicide data table which reveals data as of 2016. 60.8 percent of the offenders are male with the lesser percent of 7.6 being female. However, 31. 6 percent of the offenders have unknown gender. Black or African American is the race with the highest percentage of offenders at 35.9 percent, while White Offenders constitute 29.5 percent of the total offenders. Most Offenders are in the under 22 age brackets with those under 22 years of age being 2,905 of the population. Most offenders are of the age of 18 years and above with this age bracket representing 10.180 of the total 16,964 murders that were recorded in the year 2016. Of the known age brackets, most offenders seem to be aged between 20 and 24. Notably, a significant number of offenders are aged between 25 and 29.The geographical analysis reveals the statistics of murder in New York State and the different regions within the region. The percentage change in the murders recorded in the States of New York between 2015 and 2016 is an increase of 1.6 percent while that between 2007 and 2016 is a decrease of 22.3 percent. In comparison to rates in New York City, the change in the rates of murder between 2015 and 2016 is a 32. 5 percent decrease (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2017). Other regions other than New York City illustrate a similar trend in the change in the rate of murder crimes over the years. For instance, murders recorded between 2015 and 2016 were 266 and 293 respectively in non- New York City regions (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2017). These statistics represent 10.2 increase. Nonetheless, just as in New York City, other regions in New York State have recorded a decrease in the crime rate with regards to the years 2007 to 2016, a 6.1 percent decrease. Finally, the relationship between the offender and the victim as has been observed in New York State from year to year has been observed to be domestic. Most statistics show that domestic homicides are common in New York State, most of them involving intimate partners while others involving other members of the family. Intimate partners are people in a spousal relationship, ex-spouse, same-sex or heterosexual relationship. The offender and the victim may be living together or not. Family members include children, parents, siblings or any other family relationship. For instance, a research report by Adriana Fernandez-Lanier in October 2014 reveals that in 2013, police in New York State testified to a total of 643 homicide victims in 604 incidents. Victims in 144 homicides (22. 4percent) has a domestic relationship with their offender (Fernandez-Lanier, 2014). As such, it is evident that the most predominant form of relationship between the offender and the victim is mostly in the domestic relationship.Many Theories have developed to explain criminal behaviors. Criminologists have combine the most aspects of sociology, anthropology, psychology and biological theories to advance their understanding of criminal behavior. The Latent trait is a developmental theory which explains violent crime. This trait theory is established early at birth but were gained very early in life and developed into criminal and violent behavior. Many murderers do not target to murder another person but reacts to what triggers their mind. As research shown the idea that a number of people in the population have a personal attribute or propensity that controls their inclination to commit criminal acts (David Rowe, D. Wayne Osgood and W. Alan Nicewander) The latent trait theory can remain over time in the individual. Mark Colvin stated that you must have enough self-control to avoid being coerced. Those who carry one of the latent traits are in danger of becoming career criminals; those who lack the propensity to commit have a much lower risk. To reduce the crime society must enhance legitimate social support and reduce the forces of coercion. Victims of violent crime and their families have often experience distress. People learn the technique and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers. Violent crime is often the result of impulsive actions. Everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but most people are controlled by their bonds with society.ReferencesBIBLIOGRAPHY

Definition and Examples of Visual Metaphors

Definition and Examples of Visual Metaphors A visual metaphor is the representation of a person, place, thing, or idea by means of a visual image that suggests a particular association or point of similarity. Its also known as  pictorial metaphor and analogical juxtaposition. Use of Visual Metaphor in Modern Advertising Modern advertising relies heavily on visual metaphors. For example, in a magazine ad for the banking firm Morgan Stanley, a man is pictured bungee jumping off a cliff. Two words serve to explain this visual metaphor: a dotted line from the jumpers head points to the word You; another line from the end of the bungee cord points to Us. The metaphorical message- of safety and security provided in times of risk- is conveyed through a single dramatic image. (Note that this ad ran a few years before the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007-2009.) Examples and Observations Studies of visual metaphors  used for rhetorical purposes generally concentrate on advertising. A familiar example is the technique of juxtaposing a picture of a sports car . . . with the image of a panther, suggesting that the product has comparable qualities of speed, power, and endurance. A variation on this common technique is to merge elements of the car and the wild animal, creating a composite image...In an ad for Canadian Furs, a female model wearing a fur coat is posed and made up in a way that is slightly suggestive of a wild animal. To leave little doubt as to the intended meaning of the visual metaphor (or simply to reinforce the message), the advertiser has superimposed the phrase get wild over her image. (Stuart Kaplan, Visual Metaphors in Print Advertising for Fashion Products, in Handbook of Visual Communication, ed. by K. L. Smith. Routledge, 2005) A Framework for Analysis In Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising (1996) . . ., [Charles] Forceville sets out a theoretical framework for the analysis of pictorial metaphor.. A pictorial, or visual, metaphor occurs when one visual element (tenor/target) is compared to another visual element (vehicle/source) which belongs to a different category or frame of meaning. To exemplify this, Forceville (1996, pp. 127-35) provides the example of an advert seen on a British billboard to publicize the use of the London underground. The picture features a parking meter (tenor/target) framed as the head of a dead creature whose body is shaped as the fleshless spinal column of a human being (vehicle/source). In this example, the vehicle visually transfers, or maps, the meaning of dying or dead (because of lack of food) onto the parking meter, resulting in the metaphor PARKING METER IS A DYING FEATURE (Forceville, 1996, p. 131). Considering that the advert wants to promote public transport, having lots of parking meters wastin g away in the streets of London can only be a positive thing for underground users and the underground system itself. (Nina Norgaard, Beatrix Busse, and Rocà ­o Montoro, Key Terms in Stylistics. Continuum, 2010) Visual Metaphor in an Ad for Absolut Vodka [The] subcategory of visual metaphor involving some violation of physical reality is a very common convention in advertising...An Absolut Vodka ad, labeled ABSOLUT ATTRACTION, shows a martini glass next to a bottle of Absolut; the glass is bent in the direction of the bottle, as if being drawn toward it by some invisible force... (Paul Messaris, Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising. Sage, 1997) Image and Text: Interpreting Visual Metaphors [W]e have noticed a decrease in the amount of anchoring copy used in visual metaphor ads...We theorize that, over time, advertisers have perceived that consumers are growing more competent in understanding and interpreting visual metaphor in ads. (Barbara J. Phillips, Understanding Visual Metaphor in Advertising, in Persuasive Imagery, ed. by L. M. Scott and R. Batra. Erlbaum, 2003)A visual metaphor is a device for encouraging insights, a tool to think with. That is, with visual metaphors, the image-maker proposes food for thought without stating any determinate proposition. It is the task of the viewer to use the image for insight. (Noà «l Carroll, Visual Metaphor, in Beyond Aesthetics. Cambridge University Press, 2001) Visual Metaphor in Films One of our most important tools as filmmakers is visual metaphor, which is the ability of images to convey a meaning in addition to their straightforward reality. Think of it as reading between the lines visually. . . . A couple of examples: in Memento, the extended flashback (which moves forward in time) is shown in black-and-white and the present (which moves backward in time) is told in color. Essentially, it is two parts of the same story with one part moving forwards and the other part told backward. At the point in time where they intersect, the black-and-white slowly changes to color. Director Christopher Nolan accomplishes this in a subtle and elegant way by showing a Polaroid develop. (Blain Brown, Cinematography: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. Focal Press, 2011)